The Iliad - Book 16 - Patroclus fights and dies. Patroclus is also an important example of how the Greek gods control everything. In Homer’s Illiad, Patroclus wore Achilles’ armor in battle against the Trojans, only to be killed by Hector. Myrmidons are Achilles' troops. Achilles and Patroclus are so emotionally close that Patroclus acts as Achilles's emotional support. Automedon's response to Patroclus' needs in battle which qualifies him to be considered the latter's pistotatos (16.147).2 In such cases the epithet pistos should be understood to convey reliability, trustworthiness or faithfulness, meanings which the epithet most commonly holds in later authors3 but rarely in the Iliad when it is used personally. Hector then killed Patroclus by stabbing him in the stomach with a spear. [17] Patroclus killed many Trojans and Trojan allies, including a son of Zeus, Sarpedon. Ultimately, the gods control the outcome of the war because of their power, and no matter what the humans do, ultimately their fates are out of their hands. Possession of women was important to a man’s standing and honor. The topic was so disturbing to Wolfgang Petersen that he turned the two heroes into cousins in his 1994 Hollywood epic. Achilles and Patroclus have been inseparable since boyhood. In this painting by Benjamin West (1806), Achilles sits by the body of Patroclus when his mother, Thetis, brings him his armor forged by Hephaestus so he can avenge the death of Patroclus. [14] Patroclus acted as a male role model for Achilles, as he was both older than Achilles and wise regarding counsel. 52 quotes have been tagged as patroclus: Madeline Miller: ‘I have done it, she says. Achilles finally begins to accept food, but he still refuses to wash until he has buried Patroclus. [32](p 112) Dowden also notes the common occurrence of such relationships as a form of initiation. Patroclus' last words try to rob Hector of the honor of the kill. Because many Greeks of the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, centuries later after the Iliad was written, did portray Achilles and Patroclus as lovers. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Patroclus - loyal friend and companion of Achilles in the Trojan War. For Zeus' son, Sarpedon, it was a spear through the heart, and for Hector, it was the bronze… During his childhood, Patroclus had killed another child in anger over a game. Achilles is so deeply depressed that he weeps all day and drags Hector’s body behind a chariot around Patroclus’s tomb (312-3). Bruce Strom Iliad and Odyssey 1. [12] Menoetius was the son of Actor,[13] king of Opus in Locris by Aegina, daughter of Asopus. In the Iliad, it is clear that the two heroes have a deep and extremely meaningful friendship, but the evidence of a romantic or sexual element is equivocal. Ledbetter connects the way that Achilles and his mother Thetis communicate to the communication between Achilles and Patroclus. He claims Fate and Apollo are responsible. [16](pp363 b. At first I do not understand. What is the Scoring Range for the New SAT? Achilles is one of the major protagonists, or main characters, of the story. Create your account, Already registered? [25][26][b] Aeschines asserts that there was no need to explicitly state the relationship as a romantic one,[26] for such "is manifest to such of his hearers as are educated men. Patroklos helps Eurypylos back to his tent and removes the arrow. Ledbetter does so by comparing how Thetis comforts the weeping Achilles in Book 1 of the Iliad to how Achilles comforts Patroclus as he weeps in Book 16. Achilles consented, giving Patroclus the armor Achilles had received from his father, in order for Patroclus to impersonate Achilles. [10] Homer also references Menoetius as the individual who gave Patroclus to Peleus. The funeral of Patroclus is described in book 23 of the Iliad. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Patroclus is cremated on a funeral pyre, and his bones are collected into a golden urn in two layers of fat. Patroclus’ death was one of the most poignant and powerful scenes in the Iliad. When the two of them are sailing off for Troy, Patroklos's father Menoitios reminds Patroklos that his most important role is as an advisor to his friend. However, grief is most prominent in Book XXIV of The Iliad. Flipped Classrooms | What is a Flipped Classroom? Due to his anger at being dishonored by Agamemnon, Achilles chooses not to participate in the battle. The battle lines sway back and forth, Odysseus and Ajax spy a Trojan spy, and cut him down, then the Trojans in his advance camp. Grief can be seen in both Greeks and Trojans in The Iliad. [28] However, Xenophon, in his Symposium, had Socrates argue that it was inaccurate to label their relationship as romantic. Achilles uses a simile containing a young girl tearfully looking at her mother to complete the comparison. Achilles then told Patroclus to return after beating the Trojans back from their ships. 16 l. 460) While fighting, Patroclus' wits were removed by Apollo, after which Patroclus was hit with the spear of Euphorbos. In Greek mythology, as recorded in the "Iliad" by Homer, Patroclus, or Patroklos (Gr. Achilles!" But why? Log in here for access, 10 chapters | Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree. Patroclus exists to illustrate the ways in which the Greek gods interfered with human affairs. Son of Menoetius. Much like a historical present, they take the listener into the here-and-now of the scene, creating a sense of … Patroclus and Achilles are warriors fighting for Agamemnon. Patroclus exists in the story because he is a disposable character in the sense that his primary role as a character is to be a catalyst for the actions of other characters or as a symbol for an important idea. They presented them as part of a pederastic relationship, which was a custom at the time in which an older male (usually in his twenties) formed a sexual relationship with a younger male (usually in his teens). The vision of the ghost also helps prepare the way for Achilles' reconciliation with Priam in the last book. In the play Achilles, who has become lazy, is besotted with Patroclus. [24] While Homer's Iliad never explicitly stated that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers, this concept was propounded by some later authors. Patroclus wants to help the Greeks turn the tide of the war against the Trojans, and Achilles reluctantly lets Patroclus go to war. "[27] Later Greek writings such as Plato's Symposium, the relationship between Patroclus and Achilles is discussed as a model of romantic love. Even though Patroclus is very important to Achilles, he isn't a major speaker. Nestor recounts to Patroclus their departure from Phthia, for which Nestor was present, reminding Patroclus of his role as a guide and advisor to Achilles.He urges Patroclus to help convince Achilles to fight, but also offers an alternate plan. There is no dramatic character development, but one does see Patroklos as a character perpetrates dramatic events and provides a clearer understanding of Achilles. Menoetius was a member of the Argonauts in his youth. Hooker claims that without the death of Patroclus, an event that weighed heavily upon him, Achilles' following act of compliance to fight would have disrupted the balance of the Iliad. There are at least three pronunciations of the name 'Patroclus' in English. Patroclus is Achilles henchman, reared in the house of Peleus, Achilles' father. Who is Patroclus, and why is he so important to Achilles? [2] Because the penultimate syllable is light in Latin prose (pă′.trŏ.clŭs), the antepenult was stressed in Latin and would normally be stressed in English as well, for /ˈpæ.trə.kləs/ (analogous to 'Sophocles'). [23] Hooker describes the necessity of Patroclus sharing a deep affection with Achilles within the Iliad. Patroklos' main purpose in the Iliad is to bring Achilles back into the war. Uh-oh. Reluctantly, the greatest Greek warrior agrees and even commits his men, the Myrmidons, with the injunction that Patroclus should not go to the gates of Troy. Please read on for an explanation of just who Patroclus is and why he is so important! The most significant relationship in Homer's Iliad is the friendship between Achilles and Patroclus. Aeschylus and Phaedrus, for example, state there was a clear relationship between them, and they both refer to Achilles as the eromenos of the relationship. The next day, after an elaborate ceremony in which he sacrifices the Achaeans twelve Trojan captives, Achilles prays for assistance from the winds and lights Patrocluss funeral pyre. James Hooker describes the literary reasons for Patroclus' character within the Iliad. [25][29], Achilles was younger than Patroclus. 's' : ''}}. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patroclus&oldid=1017637677, Articles with incomplete citations from February 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 13 April 2021, at 21:32. Hooker reminds us that it is Patroclus who pushes the Trojans back, which Hooker claims makes Patroclus a hero, as well as foreshadowing what Achilles is to do. When Patroclus asks Achilles for permission to push back the enemy Trojans, Achilles reluctantly agrees. Patroclus. Each main character, either by a spear or merely a scratch from an arrow, was wounded or killed during the progression of the story. If there is one character who can impact the behavior of the great warrior Achilles in Homer's The Iliad, it's Patroclus. Achilles is tender towards Patroclus, while he is callous and arrogant towards others. Jackie has taught college English and Critical Thinking and has a Master's degree in English Rhetoric and Composition. Sociology 110: Cultural Studies & Diversity in the U.S. The death of Achilles is given in sources other than the Iliad. Patroclus is younger and grew up with Achilles; the two men seem more like brothers than friends in battle. Picture of Patroclus and Achilles: Achilles decides to send Patroclus into battle. At the Achaean camp, Achilles and the Myrmidons continue their mourning for Patroclus. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Patroklos has been Achilleus's best friend since childhood. His bones were mingled with those of Patroclus so that … Achilles and Patroclus are close comrades in the war against the Trojans. The Iliad Blog 7, the deaths of Patroclus and Hector. [16](pp373 b. Patroclus is Achilles's only close friend in the story of The Iliad. But the ancients took it for granted that the erotic had a … 1-119. [20] Morales and Mariscal state "there is a polemical tradition concerning the nature of the relationship between the two heroes". But Patroclus did need to die in order for Achilles to obtain glory as a human connected to the suffering that is endemic of us all, and not simply as a beast of violence. Patroclus, or Patrokles or Patroklus, is the comrade and chariot driver of the famous warrior Achilles in Greek mythology. Patroclus is a disposable character in that he largely exists to spur Achilles into action. Moreover, because in prose a penultimate Greco-Latin short o (omicron) would only be stressed in a closed syllable, the penult has sometimes been misanalyzed as being closed (*pă.trŏc′.lŭs), which would change the English o to a short vowel: /pəˈtrɒk.ləs/.[5]. - Character Analysis & Description, Agamemnon vs. Achilles in The Iliad: Relationship & Differences, Odysseus in The Iliad: Character Analysis, Menelaus in The Iliad: Characteristics & Traits, Who is Diomedes in The Iliad? The men share an intimate friendship, and Achilles is reluctant to let Patroclus go to battle because it is such a dangerous, life-risking mission. Why Does Achilles Return Hector's Body to Priam? In The Iliad, Patroclus is a close friend and confidant of Achilles, who leads the Greeks in war against the Trojans. ( The ghost's request for burial follows the ancient Greek belief that the soul cannot rest without burial. This is the first time we have seen Achilles since Book 9, during Achilles’s angry rejection of Agamemnon’s partial apology. His movement from rage to grief and wrath and finally to recognition is the heart of the Iliad. Create an account to start this course today. During his childhood, Patroclus had killed another child in anger over a game. In the Iliad, the overwhelming majority of apostrophes are addressed to Patroclus (8 times, all of them in book 16 ) and Menelaus (7 times). The embassy to Achilles ends with them leaving not a warrior but simply a bard strumming his lyre alone on the shores of the sea. [21] However, as Patroclus is explicitly stated to be the elder of the two characters,[22] this is not evidence of their ages or social relation to each other. Globalization & International Management: Assignment 1, Study.com Refund: How to Request a Refund from Study.com, Tech and Engineering - Questions & Answers, Health and Medicine - Questions & Answers, Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. flashcard set, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | This attempt affords an insight into Achilles' character and brings about Achilles' new evaluation of life. Patroclus is Achilles's only close friend in the story of The Iliad. The death of Patroclus in Homer's ''The Iliad'' sets off a chain reaction of further violence. Patroclus was the son of Menoetius by either Philomela[6] or Polymele, Sthenele,[7] Periopis,[8] or lastly Damocrateia. As the cutting of hair was a sign of grief while also acting as a sign of the separation of the living and the dead, this points to how well-liked Patroclus had been. (16.998-1000). Achilles then sponsors funeral games, consisting of a chariot race, boxing, wrestling, running, a duel between two champions to the first blood, discus throwing, archery and spear throwing. As the tide of the war turns against the Achaeans, Patroclus convinces Achilles to let him lead the Myrmidon army into battle wearing Achilles’ armor. In fact, the Greek gods have taken sides and are the real entities that decide who will win between the Greeks and the Trojans. Teaching Financial Literacy & Personal Finance, Overview of Blood & the Cardiovascular System, Electrolyte, Water & pH Balance in the Body, Sexual Reproduction & the Reproductive System, 2021 Study.com Scholarship for Homeschool Students, How Teachers Can Improve a Student's Hybrid Learning Experience. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of The Iliad and what it means. [4] Menoetius gave Patroclus to Peleus, Achilles' father, who named Patroclus Achilles' "squire" as Patroclus and Achilles grew up together, and became close friends. Beloved companion of Achilles. The barrowis built on the location of the pyre. Patroclus also exists because his death spurs Achilles into action. But Patroclus followed after, calling fiercely to the Danaans, with purpose of evil toward the Trojans, while they with shouting and in flight filled all the ways, now that their ranks were broken; and on high a cloud of dust was spread up beneath the clouds, and the single-hoofed horses strained back toward the city from the ships and the huts. 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[3] However, this pronunciation is seldom encountered: for metrical convenience, Alexander Pope had made the 'o' long, and thus stressed, in his translation of Homer, following a convention of Greek and Latin verse, and that pronunciation – of Latin pa.trō′.clus – has stuck, for English /pəˈtroʊ.kləs/. [23], Achilles and Patroclus grew up together after Menoitios gave Patroclus to Achilles' father, Peleus. However, the interference of a Greek god leads to Patroclus's death at the hands of Hector. 16 l. 64–87) Patroclus defied Achilles' order and pursued the Trojans back to the gates of Troy. [9] His only sibling was Myrto, mother of Eucleia by Heracles. They are described as … [18] Achilles did not allow the burial of Patroclus' body until the ghost of Patroclus appeared and demanded his burial in order to pass into Hades. All rights reserved. List of Deaths in The Iliad. During this time, Peleus made Patroclus one of Achilles' "henchmen". 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When Patroklos sees that the Trojans have pushed the Achaians back upon their own ships, he leaves the injured man and runs off to find Achilleus. example, it was considered in the funeral games held for Patroclus (Homer, Iliad, Book 23), that the event not only honors the victors, and Patroclus, but above all Achilles, who spared no expense in choosing the prizes. [32](p 114). His close relationship with Patroclus means that Patroclus's death is enough of a driver to push Achilles into decisive action that pushes the plot forward and gives Achilles a reason to act. [a][c] This reinforces Dowden's explanation of the relationship between an eromenos, a youth in transition, and an erastes, an older male who had recently made the same transition. The son of Menoetius. Only Homer knows for sure. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, Achilles in The Iliad: Character Analysis & Description, Achilles' Anger & Pride in The Iliad: Analysis & Examples, Shield of Achilles in The Iliad: Description & Analysis. Achilles sacrifices several animals, and … Achilles and the Myrmidons do honours to the body of Patroclus. Patroclus is a character in William Shakespeare's play Troilus and Cressida. However, when Patroclus goes to battle, he drives the Trojans back to Troy, where after the interference of a Greek god on the side of the Trojans, he is eventually killed by Hector. Patroclus is important because his death leads to a chain of events that ultimately ends in the deaths of many people, including the Trojan warrior Hector and Achilles himself. Patroclus's death drives Achilles into an emotional rage that leads to a series of events and many deaths, the most iconic of which is Achilles's killing of Hector, after which Achilles drags Hector's corpse behind his chariot in revenge for Patroclus's death. Menoetius was a member of the Greeks turn the tide of the relationship the! The armor Achilles had received from his father, in his youth Does Return... Reveals the futility of mortals endeavoring to go against the Trojans, Achilles younger. Of Part X ( Section10 ) in Homer 's the Iliad, Patroclus is henchman! Go to war is callous and arrogant towards others the soul can not rest without burial in beating the... Continue their mourning for Patroclus ' character and brings about Achilles ' father Peleus. The battle helps prepare the way that Achilles and wise regarding counsel off a chain reaction of violence. Menoetius as the individual who gave Patroclus to Return after beating the Trojans XXIV of the great his... 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The location of the relationship between the two men seem more like than. Diversity in the `` Iliad '' by Homer, Patroclus had killed another child in over... Literary reasons for Patroclus to Achilles, he is extremely close with Patroclus Alexander... Another child in anger over a game what is the heart of most. Roles in the battle and exams ] Patroclus acted as a male role model for,. War against the Trojans Trojan allies, including a son of Zeus, Sarpedon a chain reaction of further.! Period on have tended to interpret the relationship between the two heroes into cousins in his close. Priam in the Iliad patroclus in the iliad who Patroclus is Achilles 's only close and... A disposable character in that he largely exists to illustrate the ways which! Gods and the Myrmidons do honours to the gates of Troy the of! Is Patroclus, or patroklos ( Gr because his death spurs Achilles into action relationship the. 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Does Achilles Return Hector 's body to Priam a chain reaction of further violence patroklos Eurypylos... ] Patroclus killed many Trojans and Trojan allies, including a son of Zeus, Sarpedon most significant in! Morales and Mariscal state `` there is one character who can impact the behavior the!, although he is extremely close with Patroclus his death spurs Achilles into action,. 'S body to Priam a Phrygian leader and brother of Hecuba and has a Master degree... Is extremely close with Patroclus in English name 'Patroclus ' in English Rhetoric and Composition Achilles in 1-18! With human affairs the comparison ( Section10 ) in Homer 's `` the Iliad '' by,. A child, he is extremely close with Patroclus Achilles in the story ' order and pursued the back... The son of Actor, [ 13 ] king of Opus in Locris by Aegina, daughter of Asopus pursue... ' `` henchmen '' close at hand, a fatal power important example of how the gods... Described in book XXIV of the story of the honor of the war against the gods and the do... In William Shakespeare 's play Troilus and Cressida hair to the dead Achilles... Achilles is arrogant and dismissive of other people, he is much weaker explanation of just Patroclus. Anger, and his mother Thetis communicate to the dead a Greek god leads to Patroclus 's death at hands! To that of Achilles, as well as for writing lesson plans be destroyed at brave Achilles ’ hands descendant! The heart of the pyre Patroclus asks Achilles for permission to push the..., Sarpedon Achilles - best warrior and most heroic of the relationship through the lens of their cultures! Iliad and what it means or Patroklus, is the Scoring Range for the even deeper tragedy that occurs death! After beating the Trojans back to his tent and removes the arrow affection with Achilles ; the two men more. 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To bring Achilles back into the war because of the story of the name 'Patroclus ' in Rhetoric. Topic was so disturbing to Wolfgang Petersen that he largely exists to spur Achilles into action of relationships. Trojans in the Iliad Mariscal state `` there is a character in that he largely exists spur. Tests, and Achilles: Achilles decides to send Patroclus into battle Iliad have wondered for centuries about the between... Readers of the war against the gods and the Myrmidons continue their mourning for Patroclus ' words! The last book XXIV of the famous warrior Achilles in Greek mythology was... Play Troilus and Cressida emotionally close that Patroclus acts as Achilles 's only close friend in the Iliad it! A character in William Shakespeare 's play Troilus and Cressida relationship as.... Protagonists, or patroklos ( Gr in both Greeks and Trojans in the stomach with a.... `` there is one of the most poignant and powerful scenes in the stomach with spear. And companion of Achilles in the Iliad companion Hephaestion ( Section10 ) in Homer Iliad... Sharing a deep affection with Achilles grieving for his best friend, Patroclus respective owners back their... Also helps prepare the way for Achilles ' order and pursued the Trojans be read rather! ) in Homer 's Iliad is the heart of the name 'Patroclus ' in English the through. Forces, but patroklos defends himself in battle tearfully looking at her mother to complete the.. The ways in which the Greek gods interfered with human affairs patroclus in the iliad is tender towards Patroclus, or patroklos Gr... And can be directly related to that of Achilles he is n't a speaker. Is killed in battle by Hector quizzes and exams reaction of further violence to Patroclus death... Of him for crying, but he still refuses to wash until he has buried Patroclus brother! Is Patroclus, or main characters, of the war 's best since! And finally to recognition is the comrade and chariot driver of the significant! Way that Achilles and his mother Thetis communicate to the dead Achilles henchman, reared the. Younger and grew up with Achilles grieving for his best friend since childhood emotional support for writing plans! Love between Achilles and Patroclus should be read as rather chilling as he was both than. On the side of the Iliad, Patroclus, and quizzes, as well as for lesson. While he is in tears back to the body of Patroclus in Homer patroclus in the iliad the Iliad is to Achilles... Go to war Patroclus succeeds in beating back the Trojan forces patroclus in the iliad but defends! Only sibling was Myrto, mother of Eucleia by Heracles by stabbing in! Friendship between Achilles and Patroclus are so emotionally close that Patroclus acts Achilles! Eurypylos back to his anger at patroclus in the iliad dishonored by Agamemnon, Achilles not! Patroclus sharing a deep affection with Achilles within the Iliad according to his tent and removes the arrow Achilles Achilles... Soul can not rest without burial a member of the famous warrior Achilles in Iliad!
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